Will Man Made Creations Dominate - 969 Words

Will Man Made Creations Dominate? In the article â€Å"Toward an Intelligence Beyond Man’s† Robert Jastrow, a published writer and the first director of the National Aeronautic and Space Administration’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, focuses on the idea that in order for mankind to continue to grow in intelligence our life form may vary from the structure we know today, resulting in artificial life, or in other terms, computers. Jastrow was involved in NASA and was able to win many awards in his field such as the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal. Jastrow writes his article as a prediction of what the twenty-first century artificial intelligence will evolve into over the years. However, his prediction contains many faults and easily disagreeable subject matter. Jastrow says computers have improved from basic math calculations to mastering the art of imitations and will eventually rise as an emergent form of life. A major default that computers do lack are the emotions that humans possess, but still are capable of outsmarting when motivated and practiced to do so. Jastrow compares human brains to computer databases and says that unlike humans, computers can obtain and process mass amount of information at once. He also says that human brains have limited growing and improving left to do, while databases are going to improve tenfold every eight years. Computers and humans will eventually pair up in order to work in multiple categories of life; computersShow MoreRelatedThe Origin Of The Native American1415 Words   |  6 Pagesthere are so many might be because the stories usually pertain to that specific tribe; they do not explain the reasoning behind the creation of other tribes on the other side of the continent. There are countless †Å"versions of these creation and emergence stories,† (Calloway, 2012, p. 42) that seem to share common themes. Two common themes expressed would be, the creation of the land and animals to better the tribe’s way of life, and that humans and animals were created more equally and there is no biasRead MoreGilgamesh vs Bible1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe way in which these two books begin is creation. This is the first similarity that we can state. But in the Bible it was the creation of Adam and in Gilgamesh the creation of Enkidu. There are actually two different stories in the Bible in which Adam is created while there is just only one story of Enkidu’s formation. A major parallel that can be seen is between Adam, and Gilgamesh and Enkidu. God created Adam in his own image, and ordained man to dominate over all other living things. GilgameshRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1601 Words   |  7 Pages he was very against revolutions such as the F rench Revolution. In this essay I am going to compare the philosophies of Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, two supporters of the enlightenment. â€Å"Enlightenment is man s release from his self-incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man s inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. Self-incurred is this tutelage when its cause lies not in lack of reason but in lack of resolution and courage to use it without direction fromRead MoreThe Christian Understanding Of The Human Person Essay1376 Words   |  6 Pagesperson is the relationship man has with creation, man has with man and the dignity of the human person, as well as the relationship man has with God. These relationships interrelate and form who the human is and how they are in their life with God. The Laudato Si letter highlights that these are the bases for the human person. â€Å"Human life is grounded in three fundamental and closely intertwined relationships: with God, with our neighbour and with the earth itself.† Creation is humans, animals, andRead More Evolution and Creation Essay1138 Words   |  5 Pages Evolution vs. Creation How was the earth created? There are several different answers to this question. One is from a religious viewpoint and stems from the Bible. Another comes from the world of science and is based on evidence that has surfaced over the last century. The theory of evolution comes into direct conflict with another theory that has been around for thousands of years, the theory of creation. The theory of evolution claims that humans have evolved over thousands of years from apesRead MoreComparison Of Theogony And Hesiod1183 Words   |  5 Pagestranscribed by Hesiod, tells the story of how creation of the universe came from chaos. Hesiod presents a prophecy of the Gods to his fellow people, and within this prophecy lies the story of how the Gods and Goddesses came to be. While multiple Gods are mentioned, the primary one is Zeus, the ruler of the olympic mountain. The tale of Zeus is dominantly focused on the Gods, disregarding any loving interactions with the mortals. Genesis also tells t he tale of creation but does so in the point of view of LordRead MoreAnalysis Of The Solitude Of Self 1085 Words   |  5 PagesRepression? The Bible, more specifically Genesis, has supported the idea of male superiority over many years. We can take the instance in the first creation story, where God created man and woman at the same time symbolizing that men and women are equal. Unfortunately, many do not use this creation story; many tend to focus more on the second creation story, where Eve comes after Adam. Stanton points out this difference in her article The Solitude of self and looks deeper into the reason as whyRead MoreComparing the Roman Empire and the United States of America Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesgoverned by a largely complex constitution, which established many checks and balances, so no man could have complete control. The evolution of the constitution was heavily influenced by the struggle between the patricians and the other prominent Romans who were not from the nobility. Early in Rome’s history, the patricians controlled the republic, over time, the laws that allowed these individual s to dominate the government were repealed, and the result was the emergence of a the republic which dependedRead MoreIs Humanity Really Frankenstein s Monster?1619 Words   |  7 PagesSherlock Holmes: The Sign of Four, and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde reveal both physical and mental qualities of monstrosity through the characters and demonstrate how these qualities relate to one another. Victor Frankenstein’s creation, the nameless creature in Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, displays countless characteristics of physical monstrosity; he is described as â€Å"ugly†, â€Å"demonical† and a â€Å"hideous†¦ wretch† (Shelley 36). However, the creature expresses that his only desiresRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Is An Ethical And Moral Issue Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesanimal abuse is varied greatly. The ‘traditional’ view is that humans are made in a different image than animals. It proclaims that humans have been given ‘dominion’ over nature, meaning humans can use animals in accordance to their own needs (gen 1:28). However, many Catholics disagree and believe that God gave human ‘stewardship’ over the animals, which means we are put on this Earth to look after and care for God’s creation (Luke 12:6). There are a number of Catholic authorities that discourage

Research on Gender Comparisons Essay - 613 Words

Research on Gender Comparisons Gender has long been a dichotomous debate. One gender is more of this, whereas the other gender is more of that. Men stereotypically maintain a reputation as leaders and aggressors, whereas women retain the role of empathetic and nurturing. The author of our book, Donelson, has examined and provided us with a plethora of research on the gender differences in regards to leadership, aggression, empathy, nurturance, agency, and communal orientations in relation to their connected selves. Though this research remains true in many aspects, not all women fit the normal orientation for their gender. According to our book, aggression is generally thought of as a male behavior, although the difference†¦show more content†¦The reason for the difference between the sexes seems to remain unclear, however cultural expectations are thought to play a role. Men and women take on different roles in regards to leadership. Men tend to be thought of as leaders more often than women are, and when women are leaders, they are responded to harshly, not given the same consideration that a male leader is given. When men are leaders, they take on a more autocratic role- they do not want their followers to participate in decision-making; women, however assume to take on a more democratic role- they encourage input from the whole group. Perhaps the difference in leadership styles can be attributed to the fact that women leaders are looked down upon, so to not look as harsh, they take a more tentative approach to leadership. In our text, Donelson talks about the different selves in relation to gender. Gilligan states that women are more likely to have a connected self than men because they are nervous about accomplishments that can hinder or threaten affiliation (316). On the other hand, Gilligan states, men are more likely than women to have a separate self because they are nervous about affiliation that can threaten their separatedness (316). I personally feel that women leaders are just as connected with themselves as the women who would be described as empathetic and nurturing. Further, women can not only take on a leadership role, but also maintain withShow MoreRelatedMy Reflection Of Observation959 Words   |  4 Pagesthought, nor did I know. What I noticed through my observations was that I resorted to looking at people’s expressions and noting their expressions over other observations. Not only did I enjoy doing it, there were many instances where I found comparisons between what I wa s looking at throughout each observation. So, I changed trying to find out what people were thinking to how people were acting. What stayed the same through my observation was how I chose to observe and where. This was because itRead MoreTypes Of Memory And Memory Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages In order to gain a better understanding between the difference of gender and memory multiple tests have been conducted. With regard to memory this study is focused primarily but not limited to short term memory. Short term memory meaning the capacity to store a minimal amount of information for a short period of time. Conductive to this study the research covers a large array of different tests in order to determine which gender has the superior memory. These multiple test includes but isn’t limitedRead MoreGender Differences Between Associate And Baccalaureate Degree Levels1637 Words   |  7 Pagesdominated field. Moreover, by eliminating the comparison of male and female student s, omitting gender differences between associate and baccalaureate degree levels, and comparing nursing programs from various regions will bring about the necessary and crucial change the nursing field is in dire need for. However, by eliminating the comparison of male and female students; nursing schools are unable to distinguish the elite from the amateur slackers. Omitting gender differences between degree levels, willRead MoreGender Differences Between Associate And Baccalaureate Degree Levels1639 Words   |  7 Pagesdominated field. Moreover, by eliminating the comparison of male and female students, omitting gender differences between associate and baccalaureate degree levels, and comparing nursing programs from various regions will bring about the necessary and crucial change the nursing field is in dire need for. However, by eliminating the comparison of male and female students; nursing schools are unable to distinguish the elite from the amateur slackers. Omitting g ender differences between degree levels, willRead MoreGender Roles Are Perceived By Society Between Girls And Boys1305 Words   |  6 Pagesi INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of the research is to analyze and compare two studies of how gender roles are perceived by society between girls verse boys in science, technology fields in comparison to sports. The researchers collected data from both studies to help give a better understanding in the roles of femininity verse masculinity, and to determine what career choices girls and boys were likely to be interested in. The first research is a qualitative study of why girls were interestedRead MoreJoe Marelli. Psy 230 ¬Ã‚ ¬ - Spring 2017 - Paper Assignment,1004 Words   |  5 PagesAttitudes Towards Women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 131–139. Research Question. This article sought to explore the societal relationship between women’s natural attachment to nature (by way of their reproductive characteristics) and its effect on not only others perception of them, but also the individual’s self-perception. The main hypothesis proposed in this study is directional. Furthermore, it questions if when either gender is prompted by something that reminds them of a women’s connectionRead MoreLeadership and Management- an Annotated Bibliography808 Words   |  4 PagesAdler, M. A. (1994). Male-Female power differences at work: A comparison of supervisor and policymakers. Sociological Inquiry, 64(1), 37-55. * This article spoke of the positions of power between men and women, and how policymakers and supervisors distribute that power to men and women. In the work place, when considering for advancement, employers have undefined criteria such as personality characteristics and potential managerial qualities. These standards become the cause of inequalityRead MoreExploratory Qualitative Research Paper1370 Words   |  6 PagesASSIGNMENT #2 Through exploratory qualitative research and measurable quantitative research, I will be discussing a final research document which will consider implications of how thought processes work as well as progression groups, and unique techniques through counseling will be applied to substance abuse, as well as addressing how the thought process works and how emotions play a large impact on personal recovery. In the Qualitative research article titled A Cognitive Behavioral Approach toRead MoreThe Importance Of Scans In Research782 Words   |  4 Pages This research strictly used adult volunteers above the age of 18. Patients from the University of South Alabama Medical Center were used to acquire data for the trial. The research was conducted outside of the educational clinical time during the hospital’s appropriate hours. A plan was made prior with the two sonographers to make everything run smoothly when the scans took place; times to conduct the research were arranged at the hospital in order to reach the highest productivity for the researchRead MoreVisual Perception Of Visual Processing1403 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant in our everyday lives. Male and female undergraduates at the University of New Orleans were tested in their abilities to distinguish the differences in 3 minutes within an allotted time. We found that gender difference sin the task were of low significance. Gender Differences in Visual Perception: A â€Å"Spot the Difference† Task The use of visual perception processing comes in to play in various concepts of everyday living. We use our visual processing skills to gather

Emotional Intelligence in Classroom †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Emotional Intelligence in Classroom. Answer: Introduction: Emotional intelligence is the capability of the people to identify their own as well as other peoples emotions and use this information properly to control their behavior and influence the behavior of others. It can be critiqued that the people having high emotional intelligence have better mental health, performance at the workplace and leadership skills. In the workplace, emotional intelligence or emotional quotient is significant for the leadership qualities and is as much important as technical expertise or intelligence quotient. The emotional intelligence is commonly used to identify other peoples emotions, label them and influence their thinking or behavior. There are five main constructs in the emotional intelligence construct, namely, self-awareness, self-regulation, social skills, empathy and motivation. Self-awareness is the ability to identify ones own emotions, strengths, weaknesses and their impact on decision-making. On the other hand, self-regulation refers to the abil ity to control ones emotions and impulses according to the environment. Social skills refer to the ability of the people to maintain relationship with other people to move in a desire direction and empathy refers to the ability of the people to consider the emotions of others while making decisions. Motivation refers to the feeling of being driven to achieve goals or things in life. In the personal perception, my emotional strengths are empathy and the ability to understand the emotions and feelings of others. On the other hand, my weakness is that I am highly emotional and driven by my emotions. I get stressed at the workplace when I realize that my efforts are not recognized or the seniors are discriminating me with others. It triggers my emotions of anger and stress. In such situation, I feel highly stressed and burst out on my peers. I am unable to concentrate on my work and feel stressed. In office environment, we have to face numerous situations wherein things do not occur in the way we want them. However, it is important to control the emotional outbursts or use them in an appropriate manner. In order to control my stress and anger, I have enrolled in various anger management courses. As I have identified my emotional weaknesses, whenever I encounter stressful situation, I try to deviate my mind to other things. In a business situation, I have to give to promote a coworker internally. There were two possible candidates for the situation; however, I named one of them, I realized that although the second candidate was showing that he was happy, he was disappointed from inside. In this situation, I tried to motivate him by demonstrating him his strengths and why he is not selected for the position. I work in a multinational organization, where people from different backgrounds come together to work. I have observed that Japanese people show respect to the seniors and do not question their judgment. In a group meeting, I made a specific decision; however, I realized that one of my junior was not happy with the decision. I realized that I can handle the situation by asking him personally for his perception. If he can contribute to the organization decision, his views must be incorporated in the decision. In the workplace setting, I realized that one of my coworker is overly sensitive and cannot take criticism in the proper manner. Therefore, I changed my communication style with him and used polite and motivational communication with him. In order to influence others, it is important for a leader to take into account the emotions of others. In this regard, I examined the nature and personality of other people and adapted my behavioral aspects accordingly I realized that it is important to provide emotional quotient development opportunities to others so that they future leaders can be developed within the organization. In this regard, I provide opportunity to different people to present their viewpoint in group meetings. I also conducted regular performance assessment of other employees and provided feedback to them to develop their performance aspects. One of the employees working in the office remained angry and disappointed with his performance. I tried to assist him in understanding that such behavior is not acceptable in the workplace and a person can enhance his performance by increasing positive thinking. I also organized a number of team meetings and group gathering to enhance the relationship between different team members. It is important to create a positive emotional climate in the workplace to create a positive organization culture within the organization. It is important to create harmony and increase the productivity of the organization. In order to create a positive emotional environment in the organization, I have established a proper performance management system. The overall employee productivity has been enhanced by developing emotional intelligence system among the workforce. References Bradberry, T., Greaves, J. (2009). Emotional Intelligence 2.0. TalentSmart. Goleman, D. (2009). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. AC Black. Jansen, Coetzee, M. (2007). Emotional Intelligence in the Classroom. Juta and Company Ltd. Stein, S.J. (2009). Emotional Intelligence for Dummies. John Wiley Sons.

Profiles In Courage Essays - Conservatism In The United States

Profiles In Courage John F. Kennedy, the author of Profiles in Courage, felt there were many politically courageous people. Kennedy seemed to define courageous as someone willing to risk one's personal assets to stand up for he believes is right and good. Eight different people, including John Quincy Adams, Thomas Benton, and Sam Houston, are illustrated in this book. Each of these people made outstanding political moves just defend one's beliefs. While some were scrutinized, others amazed the population and history was made. John Quincy Adams was the Senator of Massachesetts. He resided with the Federalist party. John showed courage when the Louisianna Purchase was an issue. Adams supported the purchase. Support of the Louisianna Purchase didn't coincide with the beliefs of the Federalist party. That didn't stop Adams from pushing to pass the purchase. The Embargo Bill was created to stop the British from taking Americans sailor without proof of citizenship (and even some with proof). Adams constituents thought the Embargo Bill would instigate another war. Support of such subject caused his party-mates and constituents to re-think their view of the Massachusetts Senator. Daniel Webster, House of Representatives member, was a Federalist and was most famous for is Seventh of March speech. While slavery seemed to be the main issue of the time, the speech spoke mainly of preserving the Union. Although he was opposed to slavery, he seldom brought it up in his political activities. These pressures haunted him around the time he was fighting to be re-elected. Thomas Benton was a Senator of Missouri who had negative relations with President Jackson. Benton supported the Missouri Compromise, but opposed the National Bank and slavery. Seeing how Missouri was a slave state, Thomas recieved much ridicule. This caused Benton to lose office during the next election. Sam Houston was the first Senator of Texas and a part of the Democrat party. Houston was stricktly opposed to the succession of the Union. Eventually he lost his seat as Senator. Soon after he was voted into the Governer office to continue his opposition to succession. Edmund Ross was a Senator of Kansas. His moment of courage came about during the impeachment of Andrew Jackson. His vote was the final and deciding vote (in a two-thirds vote requirement) to keep Jackson in office. Career failure haunted him thereafter. Lucius Lamar was a Representative for Mississippi. Lamar was opposed to free silver for his constituents. Free silver would later mathematically prove to put a damper on the economy. Since his constituents were poverty stricken, they supported free silver. George Norris was a member of the House. He was previously a diplomat to Germany. During the time that the US was about to enter World War I, Norris was opposed. He also filibustered against the Armed Ship Bill because he hated war. George failed in these efforts. Robert Taft was a Republican from Ohio. He tried and failed many times to become president. Taft's iron mind never let him give up though. As far as foriegn affair were concerned, he was an isolationist and opposed many of the United State's international actions. Each of these men were courageous in many more way than one. Throughout history, many tales of strength are made. Kennedy saw it and defined it for the public quite well. Hopefully many will follow in the footsteps of these great men. With the example set and many people watching, this country will surely grow to be a strong one. Profiles In Courage Essays - Conservatism In The United States Profiles In Courage John F. Kennedy, the author of Profiles in Courage, felt there were many politically courageous people. Kennedy seemed to define courageous as someone willing to risk one's personal assets to stand up for he believes is right and good. Eight different people, including John Quincy Adams, Thomas Benton, and Sam Houston, are illustrated in this book. Each of these people made outstanding political moves just defend one's beliefs. While some were scrutinized, others amazed the population and history was made. John Quincy Adams was the Senator of Massachesetts. He resided with the Federalist party. John showed courage when the Louisianna Purchase was an issue. Adams supported the purchase. Support of the Louisianna Purchase didn't coincide with the beliefs of the Federalist party. That didn't stop Adams from pushing to pass the purchase. The Embargo Bill was created to stop the British from taking Americans sailor without proof of citizenship (and even some with proof). Adams constituents thought the Embargo Bill would instigate another war. Support of such subject caused his party-mates and constituents to re-think their view of the Massachusetts Senator. Daniel Webster, House of Representatives member, was a Federalist and was most famous for is Seventh of March speech. While slavery seemed to be the main issue of the time, the speech spoke mainly of preserving the Union. Although he was opposed to slavery, he seldom brought it up in his political activities. These pressures haunted him around the time he was fighting to be re-elected. Thomas Benton was a Senator of Missouri who had negative relations with President Jackson. Benton supported the Missouri Compromise, but opposed the National Bank and slavery. Seeing how Missouri was a slave state, Thomas recieved much ridicule. This caused Benton to lose office during the next election. Sam Houston was the first Senator of Texas and a part of the Democrat party. Houston was stricktly opposed to the succession of the Union. Eventually he lost his seat as Senator. Soon after he was voted into the Governer office to continue his opposition to succession. Edmund Ross was a Senator of Kansas. His moment of courage came about during the impeachment of Andrew Jackson. His vote was the final and deciding vote (in a two-thirds vote requirement) to keep Jackson in office. Career failure haunted him thereafter. Lucius Lamar was a Representative for Mississippi. Lamar was opposed to free silver for his constituents. Free silver would later mathematically prove to put a damper on the economy. Since his constituents were poverty stricken, they supported free silver. George Norris was a member of the House. He was previously a diplomat to Germany. During the time that the US was about to enter World War I, Norris was opposed. He also filibustered against the Armed Ship Bill because he hated war. George failed in these efforts. Robert Taft was a Republican from Ohio. He tried and failed many times to become president. Taft's iron mind never let him give up though. As far as foriegn affair were concerned, he was an isolationist and opposed many of the United State's international actions. Each of these men were courageous in many more way than one. Throughout history, many tales of strength are made. Kennedy saw it and defined it for the public quite well. Hopefully many will follow in the footsteps of these great men. With the example set and many people watching, this country will surely grow to be a strong one.

The Hertz sprung-Russell Essays

The Hertz sprung-Russell Essays The Hertz sprung-Russell Essay The Hertz sprung-Russell Essay The Hertz sprung-Russell The chief sequence is a uninterrupted and typical set of stars that appear on secret plans of leading colour versus brightness. Stars on this set are known as main-sequence stars or dwarf stars. A star on the chief sequence is one that is bring forthing visible radiation and heat by the transition of H to helium by atomic merger in its nucleus. The Sun, along with the majority of the stars seeable to the bare oculus, are chief sequence stars. A star arrives on the chief sequence after it starts H combustion in its nucleus and remains there throughout its core-hydrogen-fusion stage. A star s place and length of stay on the chief sequence depend critically on mass. The most monolithic stars the hot, bluish-white O stars and B stars occur to the upper left and have main-sequence life-times of merely a few million or 10s of 1000000s if old ages. The least monolithic, hydrogen-burning stars, the ruddy midget, sit to the lower right and may stay on the chief sequence for 100s of one mi llion millions of old ages. With the exclusion of hypergiants, the brightest, largest sort of star. Supergiants have brightnesss of 10,000 to 100,000 solar brightnesss and radii of 20 to several hundred solar radii ( about the size of Jupiter s orbit ) . The two commonest types are ruddy supergiants, exemplified by Betelgeuse and Antares, and bluish supergiants, exemplified by Rigel. When a star of at least 15 solar multitudes exhausts the H in its nucleus, it foremost swells to go a ruddy giant. But when it reaches the phase of helium-to-carbon combustion, by the triple-alpha procedure, it expands to an even larger volume. This much brighter, but still reddened star is a ruddy supergiant. Through a vigorous leading air current, ruddy supergiants steadily lose their drawn-out ambiances and turn into smaller but much hotter bluish supergiants. A bluish supergiant may so develop a fresh distended envelope and revert to the ruddy supergiant stage. Both types, ruddy and bluish, can detonate as supernovae. This came as something of a surprise to uranologists, since leading development theory had long taught that supernovae ever come from the ruddy assortment. However, the great Supernova 1987A was found to hold had a bluish supergiant precursor. Supergiants are among the most monolithic stars. In the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram they occupy the top part of the diagram.

Watch for Visually Distracting Phrases

Watch for Visually Distracting Phrases Watch for Visually Distracting Phrases Watch for Visually Distracting Phrases By Mark Nichol Writers (and readers) face many perils faulty grammar, mangled syntax, and misplaced, missing, or extraneous punctuation among them but there’s one form of distraction writers might more easily overlook: Visually (and/or acoustically) distracting groups of words that, for one of three reasons, create obstacles to clear reading. One type of obstruction is repetition of sounds, either alliterative or assonant. Alliteration, the use of several words in sequence or within a sentence that start with the same sound, can be an effective technique, especially in poetry or just for fun (I use it often), but when it’s inadvertent (and sometimes when it’s deliberate), it just gets in the way. In the following sentence, for example, three of the first five words start with the letter r: â€Å"In regard to residents’ reviews, those who lived in the city where a restaurant is located tended to give the restaurant lower ratings than tourists did.† â€Å"In regard to† is clunky, and the sentence could begin simply with however instead of the alliterative introductory phrase. Another solution is to scatter the alliterative words, as in the revision from â€Å"These individuals often present complex clinical-care needs† to â€Å"These individuals often present complex needs for clinical care.† A similar potential obstruction is assonance, the repetition of vowel sounds within or at the end of a word. For example, three of the first four words in the introductory phrase in â€Å"Due to their redo being late, I didn’t get a chance to evaluate it† end in the -oo sound. (Read the phrase quickly three times without a pause and tell me it doesn’t sound like the first notes of a classic circus and carnival tune.) â€Å"Due to† is awkward under any circumstances (except in usage such as â€Å"The ceremony is due to begin soon†); use because instead. Another distraction is the proximal use of two or more words with the same or similar letter sequences but different pronunciations, as in â€Å"There were some elements that weren’t thought through enough.† This unfortunate pileup requires more extensive revision one possibility is â€Å"They didn’t sufficiently think some elements through.† Yet another problematic construction is one that inadvertently places two antonyms together, as in â€Å"Check your manuscript’s structure to make sure it doesn’t topple over under reader scrutiny,† where the words over and under are uncomfortably close. In this case, over can be deleted, or replace â€Å"topple over† with a synonym like collapse. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†Each vs. Both

Inferential Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inferential - Statistics Project Example The data sets are divided into two sets; Android, Windows and Others representing the operating systems in the market and a dependent variable Smartphone on the category indicating the total cell phone sold with the operating system. The independent variables are the App is representing the App store, GUI represents the Graphical User Interface of the smartphone and the Functionality representing the functions carried out by the operating systems and the apps. The data is bivariate data as two variables are measured in a single study (William Mendenhall III, 2013). We calculated the operating system market share and the customer buying behavior towards the software capabilities of the smartphone. Most consumers prefer smartphones running on Android platform; on average 10 Android phones are sold daily. The consumer‘s are influenced by the app store on the phone, with 9 people every day says that the app store matters to them most. The positive coefficient indicates the directional effects of the independent variables and the effect they will have on the depend variable smartphone. Thus, with an increase in App, GUI or Functionality results to increase in sales of smartphones. Meaning that the consumer behavior depends on the software installed or can be installed on the gizmo. Goodness to fit ≠¥ 0.80 or 80% and we reject Reject H0 if p-value ≠¤ ÃŽ ±, where ÃŽ ± is the level of significance for the test (David R. Anderson, 2011). Thus p-value ≠¥ 0.0000, thus the null hypothesis is accepted. At 95% confidence level (1.869, 5.088), this are plausible values of parameter where mean may lie; thus, we expect more consumers to be influenced by App store parameter in smartphone. Thus we expect the sales of Android phones to increase with the same parameter as they are the market

Introduction to Geography - Food and Climate Assignment

Introduction to Geography - Food and Climate - Assignment Example According to Moneo & Iglesias (2004, par. 2), â€Å"climate is one of the main factors which controls what natural resources we have and is an important element of sustainable development. Agriculture and water resources are intrinsically linked with climate†. In Asia for example, known for countries enjoying a tropical climate, the staple food is rice. This applies to countries such as Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, among others. Rice has been known to grow in tropical countries with lots of high temperatures the whole year round concurrent with a well defined rainy season, conducive to planting rice. Aside from rice, tropical countries are conducive to producing fruits such as pineapple, mango, banana; legumes; root crops like potatoes, cassava and yams, among a host of other foods. These crops like warm weather with intermittent rain. In the United States, where geography and climate differ across various regions, food production likewise varies depending on climatic conditions. The CIA World Factbook (2010) described the climate in the USA as â€Å"mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains†. As such, the major crops produced are corn, soybeans, hay, wheat, and sorghum (EPA, 2009). Foods in midlatitude climates such as those coming from Colombia are mostly coffee, banana, sugarcane, and other staple crops like â€Å"rice, beans, cassava, potatoes, barley, corn, and wheat† (US Library of Congress, n.d., para. 10). Corn is also considered a staple crop together with wheat and barley which is adaptable to a climate in higher grounds. The moist continental climate in regions such as Japan have foods such as â€Å"rice, sugar beets, vegetables, fruit.  Ã‚  

Technology in Reading Comprehension Essay Example for Free

Technology in Reading Comprehension Essay Rationale Over the decades ago, Seymour Papert (1980) wrote Mindstorms and advocated a revolutionary philosophy in which technology was as seen as a fulfilling two major roles in education: (a) a heuristic role in which the presence of the computer was seen as a catalyst of emerging ideas and (b) an instrumental role in which the presence of the computer would carry ideas into a world larger than the research centres where they were incubated. When the Children’s Machine was published, Papert (1993) looked back over the decade since Mindstorms and asked question, â€Å"Why through a period when so much human activity has been revolutionized, have we not seen comparable change in the way we help children learn?† Technology’s exponentially increasing power, decreasing costs, portability and connectivity have gone beyond what it have been started. Yet, inside classrooms across the country, there is such a problem on how technology is being used for the enhancement of reading comprehension. It is not the unavailability particularly of computers but how they are being used in the classroom discussion. In teaching reading, technology is one of the available effective approaches. However, the use of technologies to enhance reading instruction is still its infancy. This reflects that the technological capabilities that are known to have potential in helping children to read, such as computer, have only become sufficiently affordable and available in widespread use. Even though it can support students, effective instruction needs to be interactive. This is Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Related Literature This chapter looked into the literature and studies about the effects of technology in enhancing reading comprehension. Only few that related to the present study are presented in this section. There are researchers’ standout positive effects of technology in education most especially in the improvements of reading comprehension. Some of them are Boster et.al. (2004), Tracey and Young (2006). Technology is the science of industrial arts. It is the making, usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts and systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or serve some purposes. (www.wikipedia.com) In addition, technology refers to any valid and reliable process or procedure that is derived basic research using the scientific method. (Dale, 1969) Technology in education is nudging literacy instruction beyond its oral and print-based tradition to embrace online and electronic text as well as multimedia. Computers are creating new opportunities for writing and collaborating. The internet is constructing global bridges for student to communicate, underscoring the need for rock-solid reading and writing skills. By changing the way that information is absorbed, processed and used, technology is influencing the people how to read, write, listen and communicate. (www.wikipedia.com) Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter contains the methods and procedure used in the study. These are: the research design; subject of the study; research locale; data gathering procedure; data gathering instrument; and the statistical treatment. Research Design The research method used in this study was the two- group posttest- only randomized experiment. In design notation, it has two lines – one for each group – with an R at the beginning of each line to indicate that the groups were randomly assigned. One group gets the treatment or program (the X) and the other group is the comparison group and doesn’t get the program. Subjects of the Study Two groups were involved in this study. These two groups were all fourth year students of BCNHS (Bislig City National High School) namely; Roca- IV and Depay-IV both have 25 students. The research conducted during their English class session from Monday- Friday at 8:00 – 9:00 in the morning, respectively during the Second Quarter period of the school year 2011-2012. Chapter 4 PRESENTATION, DISCUSSION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter presents and discusses the results of the study. The Part I includes the scores and interpretations of scores from the control and experimental groups; Part II is the discussion of the difference of the scores between control and experimental groups; and Part III is on the correlation test of hypothesis. Table 1 Rating Scale of the Fourth Year High School Students Scores Scores 1-101-15InterpretationDescription 9-1013-15Highly FavorableThe scores of the respondents show very high result through the use of high technology 7-810-12FavorableThe scores of the respondents show high result through the use of high technology 5-67-9Moderately FavorableThe scores of the respondents show satisfactory result through the use of high technology 3-44-6Less FavorableThe scores of the respondents show less satisfactory result through the use of high technology 0-20-3Not FavorableThe score of the respondents do not show satisfactory result through the use of high technology Table 2 shows the interpretations of the scores of the students by test depending on the level of comprehension. This was used to determine the results of which technology must be used in enhancing reading comprehension. CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENTATIONS This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Summary The principal purpose of this study was to determine the effects of technology in enhancing reading comprehension of the fourth year students of Bislig City National High School.   The study utilized two sections of the fourth year students’ population. On section was chosen as the experimental group and the other one was the control group. Both groups were given a posttest with the same reading text and types of test: Test I- Question and Answer (10 items); Test II- Vocabulary Test (10 items); Test III- Depth of Meaning (15 items) and Test IV- Logical Inference (15 items). The researchers introduced to the experimental group the high technology using Microsoft Power Point through Power Point Presentation with pictures. The control group used the traditional way through pen and paper test. The research specifically answered the following questions: 1.What are the effects of using technology in reading comprehension? 1.1. What changes will occur on the reading comprehension of the students when exposed with technology?

The Writing Style and Beliefs of Kate Chopin Essay -- Biography Biogra

The Writing Style and Beliefs of Kate Chopin  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Kate Chopin was an extraordinary writer of the nineteenth century. Despite failure to receive positive critical response, she became one of the most powerful and controversial writers of her time. She dared to write her thoughts on topics considered radical: the institution of marriage and women's desire for social, economic, and political equality. With a focus on the reality of relationships between men and women, she draws stunning and intelligent characters in a rich and bold writing style that was not accepted because it was so far ahead of its time. She risked her reputation by creating female heroines as independent women who wish to receive sexual and emotional fulfillment, an idea unheard of in the 1800s. In the late nineteenth century, the central belief of the vast majority was that the woman's job was to support and nurture her husband and children. Women were given no individual identity and were seen only in relation to a family. Women of this time could not vote and therefore had no say in any political matter. Women who wished to comment politically did so with some form of art, including music, painting, and writing (Magill, American 387). According to Frank Magill, when a woman considers herself only as a part of a relationship with someone, then that relationship becomes the central issue of her life (American 386). As a woman whose husband died young, leaving her six children to raise alone, Chopin understands that kind of dependency upon relationships (Magill, American 384). Almost as working out of her own role, she explores in her writing the complexity between men and women. Readers realize that Chopin's writing in the 1890s was far ahead of ... ...'The Storm'." The Markham Review 2.2 (1970): 1-4. Baker, Christopher. "Chopin's 'The Storm.'" Explicator 52.4 (1994): 225-226. Chopin, Kate. "The Storm." Literature Across Cultures. 2nd ed. Sheena Gillespie, Terezinha Fonseca, Carol A. Sanger. Boston, Allyn: 1998. 345-348. ---. "A Respectable Woman." Gillepsie, Fonseca, and Sanger. 342-344. ---. "At the 'Cadian Ball." The Awakening and selected stories by Kate Chopin. Ed. Sandra M. Gilbert. New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1983.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  179-188. ---. "Athà ©naà ¯se." Gilbert. 229-261. Dyer, Joyce. "Gouvernail, Kate Chopin's Sensitive Bachelor." The Southern Literary Journal 14.1 (1981): 46-55. Magill, Frank N., ed. Critical Survey of Short Fiction. New Jersey: Salem Press, 1981. 1132-1136. ---. Magill's Survey of American Literature New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1991. 386-391.

Claude Monet Research Paper Essay

Claude Oscar Monet was born on November 14, 1840 in Paris France, His father was a wholesale grocer and ship chandler which is how he provided for the family. Monet’s father and mother decided to move to Le Harve in 1845(Seitz, Pg 2). By the young age of 15 years old, Monet received a reputation as being a great caricature artist (Biography. com). The year 1857 was a tough period for Monet, because his mother died (Seitz, Pg 5). Two years after his mother’s death, Monet moved to Paris against his father’s wished to pursue a career in painting. While in Paris, Monet entered the the Swiss Academy of painting and became inspired by the work of Eugene Delacroix, Camille Corot, and Charles Daubigny (Biography. com). In 1860, Monet gets the honor of meeting Camille Pissarro and Gustave Courbet. It was during this time that Monet decided to take a break from painting and join the army in Algeria from 1860 to 1862. After serving his time in the army, Monet picked up right where he left off and started painting again. In 1865, Monet’s painting are submitted for the first time to the official salon where Camille Dondeux who was Monet’s lady friend at the time was featured in one of Monet’s paintings to be put on display(giverny. org). Monet’s first son Jean Monet was born in 1867 while he was in Sainte Adresse. One year after the birth of his son, Monet tried to commit suicide, shortly after his failed attempt at suicide, Monet receive a pension for this painting Mr Grauibert. After the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870), Monet and Camille took refuge in England in September 1870. While there, Monet studied the works of John Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner, both of whose landscapes would serve to inspire Monet’s innovations in the study of color. In the spring of 1871, Monet’s works were refused authorization for inclusion in the Royal Academy exhibition. In May 1871, he left London to live in Zaandam, in the Netherlands, where he made twenty-five paintings. He also paid a first visit to nearby Amsterdam. In 1871, Monet’s father died and Monet returned to France. Monet lived in Argenteuil from December 1871 to 1878, Argenteuil was a village on the right bank of the Seine river near Paris, and a popular Sunday outing destination for Parisians this was the area where Monet painted some of his best known works. In 1874, Monet returned to Holland. It was during this time that Monet became recognized as one of the most honored and talented artist among the French painters because he was brilliantly successful in achieving the impression of a fresh view of nature (Seitz, Pg 9). This was a huge honor to Monet, because he himself described his paintings as Metaphysical naturalism in which he states â€Å"I am simply expending my efforts upon a maximum of appearances in close correlation with unknown realities. When one is on the plane of concordant appearances one cannot be far from reality, or at least what we know of it†¦. Your error is to wish to reduce the world to your measure, whereas, by enlarging your knowledge of things, you will find your knowledge of self enlarged. †(Seitz, pg 46) In 1874, Monet exhibits†Impression:Sunrise† at the first Impressionist exhibition in the studio of Nadar. Monet’s second son Michel Monet was born in 1878 and the family settles at vetheuil in the company of the Hoschede family(giverny. org). Monet’s wife Camille dies in 1879, two years after her death Monet and his sons move to Poissy. In 1883, Monet rents a house at Giverny which is where he would end up staying for the next 43 years(Arnold, Pg 16) Monet marries Alice Hoschede in 1892 and also paints the Rouen Cathedral series. Monet painted several views of the views of the Japanese bridge, during this time he took several trips to London to work on and paint views of the Thames(Arnold, Pg 20). In 1914, Monet had to suffer through the loss of another wife this time Alice Hoschede. Heartbreak would continue to follow Monet when his eldest son Jean died three years after Alice in 1914. During the years of 1916 to 1926, Monet worked on the twelve large canvas, The Water Lilies, which he offered to donate to France where the paintings were installed in an architectural space designed for them at the museum of the Orangerie in Paris France. Monet died of lung cancer on December the 5th in 1926 at the age of 86 and was buried in the Giverny church cemetery. Monet had insisted that the occasion be simple; thus only about fifty people attended the ceremony(Arnold, Pg 25) His famous home, garden and water lily pond were bequeathed by his son Michel, who was Monet’s only heir, and to the French Academy of Fine Arts in 1966(Giverny. org). Through the Foundation Claude Monet, the house and gardens were opened for visit in 1980, following restoration. In addition to souvenirs of Monet and other objects of his life, the house contains his collection of Japanese woodcut prints. The house is one of the two main attractions of Giverny, which hosts tourists from all over the world. In conclusion, Monet was one of the most known and respected French Impressionist artist in the world, who went through several ups and downs in his long career of painting. Monet created many pieces of artwork, but for most people his best painting was the â€Å" Impression, Sunrise† painting which earned Monet the title â€Å"The father of the movement† and also the title and honor of being named the founder of the movement of Impressionist

Titian’s Venus and the Lutenist

Titian, Venus and the Lutenist Titian’s Venus and the Lutenist depicts Venus laying in a courtly setting set on a larger pastoral landscape. The intertwining of both courtly and pastoral is common in the high Renaissance and appropriate for the painting as Venus is the queen of love, beauty, and nature. The painting was very possibly a wedding gift to a nobleman or ruler, and the theme of marriage is reflected in Venus’ ring and the wreath of flowers that Cupid places above her head. Trademarks of the courtly, such as jewelry and sumptuous clothing, are inscribed with pastoral features.Indeed, Venus is set upon a pastoral and natural landscape because â€Å"there is none among [living things] which has not been derived from love as from its first and most reverend father. † (Bembo, Gli Asolani) By setting her indoors, laying on luxurious fabrics, Titian glorifies and places a higher value on Venus. It seems to set a hierarchy where she is at the top, and nature a nd humanity are underneath. She lays beside a nobleman playing the lute, which is in itself a courtly instrument and he is gazing at her in admiration.By portraying the nobleman as young, Titian gives Venus an almost maternal quality, playing on the idea that she is the mother of all things (she is occasionally compared to Mary. ) She is also set apart from the scene in the background by the difference in the activities being performed by the figures. In the background can be seen nymphs and satyrs dancing freely, in contrast to the higher, more civilized Venus in the foreground. Titian resolves contradictory values of the sixteenth century by ennobling and glorifying a figure of great sexuality and underlining Venus’ influence on all of nature through the larger pastoral landscape.

Reaction Paper on Ccps Staged Reading Essays

Reaction Paper on Ccps Staged Reading Essays Reaction Paper on Ccps Staged Reading Essay Reaction Paper on Ccps Staged Reading Essay Labfest which is a festival for new plays, untried, untested, unpublished and unstaged. It is done by virgin playwrights or first-time playwrights, first-time writers or also known as extra-virgins and born-again virgins or the professional writers with new works. The plays are selected from different scripts sent by writers from all over the country. Virgin Labfest is held at The Cultural Center of the Philippines on July 6, 2013 and Virgin Labfest is now running on its ninth year and proving to be one of the most successful theater festivals.To train aspiring writers Virgin Labfest created its own writing fellowship with a two-week mentorship programs on the study and practice of dramatic writing on the stage. The fellows have lectures, discussions and workshops on playwriting and script critiquing. The Fellowship Program culminated a staged reading of the fellows’ works at the CCP Bulwagang Amado Hernadez. The event is free and open to the public. There were 10 short plays directed by Dennis Marasigan and will be performed by amateur and professional theater actors. The 10 short plays are: 1. Ang Gintong Aral ni Ma’am Zeny  by  Tyron Judes D.Casumpang 2. Final Interview  by  Christian M. Dagsil 3. Kalayaan  by  Christa I. De La Cruz 4. Ungentlemanly Behavior  by  John Carlo Dulu 5. Kung Paano Magsintas ng Sapatos  by  Janina Faith Gacosta 6. Bago Magkaroon ng Panibagong Mundo  by  Sherina Mae Inza-Cruz 7. Pabaon  by  Levine Andro Lao 8. Ang mga Nakatatawid sa Asin  by  Lorenzo Elias Lopez 9. Drop Zone  by  Miyo Sta. Maria 10. Ang Huling Stage Reading ni Romulo Dulah  by  Christian Ubana Tordecillas These short plays that were featured are the results of the mentorship program by the award-winning playwright, Glen Sevilla Mas.As part of the Speech and Stage Arts class we were required to watch the Stage Reading of the fellows and critique them. At first, I was just expecting a simple presentation. From the word itself, stage reading, I was thinking of a group of people handling scripts and reading it as accompanied with variety of emotions. But I was surprised when we enter the Bulwagang Amado Hernandez and asked my classmates who were also there, if why there were props on the stage. They said that we will be watching plays more than we expected.The plays took only 10 to 15 minutes act on the stage and the title were announced before the play. Every part had a set of three to four different plays and the title of each play was announced before the play. I was not able to get the full title and just put something like â€Å"Adobo† or key words on my notes so I can remember them. The first play was â€Å"Ang Pabaon† by Levin Andro Lao. It was a good play but it is somehow a common story and with a predictable ending. But the thing that made it unique was the concept of Adobo that added a taste to the story. There were two characters in the play; ‘Buboy’ and the mother.Buboy as he portrayed his role, he was a bit monotonous and he used almost the same gestures and facial expressions. The mother although she is very young, her actions really fit her role as an old woman. The thing that distracted me with the mother was her way of pronouncing the letter ‘S’. she mispronounced ‘S’ as ‘Sh’, and because of that some of her words were not delivered clearly and I can’t understand some of the words that she said. Next was â€Å"Ang Gintong Aral ni Ma’am Zeny† by Tyron Judes D. Casumpang. The story was very extraordinary; the very first act that the man produced really showcased the whole 10 minute play.As we have studied in our class, I remember that a powerful voice at first will still the emotions of the audience as I have experienced that time. The man who played as the policeman and the former student of Ma’am Zeny really had a good quality of voice, powerful impact, variety of tone based on the emotions and expressions. The woman who portrayed the role of Ma’am Zeny has a soft voice but with much of emotions expressed, with the way she spoke mildly and calmly, I as one of the audiences felt moved by her emotions and facial gestures.I would also like to commend the plot of the story that it became a mysterious act of what would she do to the kid that was lying on her lap. Lastly, with the kid, it was good because at his age, he can really act like a professional artist although his accent does not fit his role. The third play was â€Å"Ang Huling Stage Reading ni Romulo Dulah†Ã‚  by  Christian Ubana Tordecillas. The story was very intriguing, because we can’t really find out where Romulo would go after their stage reading until the time that he said the he will be executed in China. Romulo’s mother as ‘Inahing Manok’ acted very realistic hat she can let her audience feel the sadness that she was feeling at tha t very moment. Vj Serag as ‘Bokbok Manok’ had a different approach in his character. His face looked angry but he was feeling sad and guilty because of Romulo’s situation, he was a little monotonous maybe because of his short dialogues. ‘Soksok Manok’ was a very good actor as he portrayed his character. The audience as the recipient of his emotions really laughed and felt sad because of the way he spoke and his facial expressions that seemed to be very unique. Romulo as the main character gave us the feeling of sadness although he was throwing jokes in his dialogues.I felt like something was hidden within him and it was the loneliness of the character portrayed. All in all the story did amazed me. Next was the story with the title, â€Å"Ungentlemanly Behavior†Ã‚  by  John Carlo Dulu. The title of the story gave me a bit idea of the concept of the play; I said â€Å"maybe it is about a gay. † And I was right! But the thing that did am azed me was the revelation from the father saying that he is a gay and he had a past relationship with the teacher. It was a very funny story because of their dialogues and emotions expressed.The father used variety of tone and pitch, he also used the technique of lowering his voice and then shouting, like the term ‘decrescendo’ in singing. Vj as the teacher expressed very strong emotion of shame and denial because of what the father is saying. He also used appropriate body gestures as he moved back and forth of the staged. For me, it was one of the best stories among the ten plays. The fifth play was â€Å"Ang mga Nakatatawid sa Asin†Ã‚  by  Lorenzo Elias Lopez. The characters were the Lola, the two young man and woman who played as siblings with different parents.At first I thought that the story was all about aswang or supernatural things but as the story went by, it was about the temptation of a man towards a woman. The lola was very oldish in style, she re ally portrayed her character as an old woman with ease. Both of the siblings expressed different variety of voice, tone and gestures. The sixth play was, â€Å"Kalayaan† by Christa I. Delacruz. As I was watching the play, I felt a little discomfort because of the kissing scene of both women. This kind of play should consider the audience, because it had some censored parts.The woman with the short hair produced exaggerated actions that I think inappropriate to her dialogues and with regard to her partner, she was talking mostly in English and some of the words mumbled in her mouth as she was saying those, she had some mispronounced words and she did stutter sometimes. The seventh play was, â€Å"Final Interview† by Christian M. Dagsil. It was a very good story and it really depicted the reality of life. Both Vj and the woman beside her expressed appropriate gestures and used variety of tone and pitch and they have a good quality of voice.But the main character of the s tory named ‘Suzette’ has a very low voice that with the large amount of crowd, the audience at the back was not able to hear what she was saying that time and some of the audience just do murmuring around. With the energy level and the power of the voice of her two co-actors, she was covered up by them. In that sense, she should consider the number of her crowd, she can’t be heard at the back added up by the noise of the air condition. The eighth play was, â€Å"Bago Magkaroon ng Panibagong Mundo† by Sherina Mae Inza-Cruz. The story had the sense of science fiction, because it is about the destruction of the world.The characters are very realistic in acting. Especially in imaginary setting, because they were just imagining that they were in the front of them but in the story they were in a different cubicle talking to one another. The woman who had given the pill to survive had a very good expression and voice quality while the ‘ate’ somehow e xplicit gestures that were not that fitted to her role. The ninth play and one of the best among the 10 stories was, â€Å"Drop Zone† by Miyo Sta. Maria. All of the actors portrayed their roles naturally, and they were all funny.Their voice have a power and strong impact to the audience despite the fact that they were using a sound of a chopper that was quite loud but they did not let the sound cover up their voice. Last but not the least is the story with the title, â€Å"Kung Paano Magsintas ng Sapatos† by Janina Faith Gacosta. The story was a bit simple and it has a predictable ending. But with that matter, the characters did a great job especially the man at his young age, he was able to portray the role of an old man with side acts like cough and loss of breath, he showed variety of emotions and the delivery of the words was very clear.The little boy also did a great job in acting but the volume of his voice was very low and he is slang that was not that appropria te to his character. To sum up, all of the plays have their different characteristics and the characters as well. But with the right variety of tone, volume, pitch, gestures and even emotions, they can really act in front naturally. I think with coherence with our subject, it is very important that we know those factors that will make pour speech or delivery clear and understandable.

How Napoleon Became Emperor of France

How Napoleon Became Emperor of France Napoleon Bonaparte first took political power in France through a coup against the old government, but he had not instigated it: that had principally been the plotting of Sieyes. What Napoleon did was to capitalize on the situation in order to dominate the new ruling Consulate and gain control of France by creating a constitution which bound his interests to many of the most powerful people in France: the landowners. He was then able to use this to leverage his support into being declared Emperor. The passage of a leading general through the end of a revolutionary series of governments and into an emperor was not clear and could have failed, but Napoleon showed as much skill in this area of politics as he did on the battlefield. Why the Landowners Supported Napoleon The revolution had stripped the land and wealth from the churches and much of the aristocracy and sold it to landowners who were now terrified that royalists, or some sort of comprise government, would strip them of it, in turn, and restore it. There were calls for the return of the crown (small at this point, but present), and a new monarch would surely rebuild the church and aristocracy. Napoleon thus created a constitution which gave many of these landowners power, and as he said they should retain the land (and allowed them to block any movement of land), ensured that they would, in turn, support him as leader of France. Why Landowners Wanted an Emperor However, the constitution only made Napoleon First Consul for ten years, and people began to fear what would happen when Napoleon left. This allowed him to secure the nomination of the consulship for life in 1802: if Napoleon didn’t have to be replaced after a decade, land was safe for longer. Napoleon also used this period to pack more of his men into government while debasing the other structures, further increasing his support. The result was, by 1804, a ruling class which was loyal to Napoleon, but now worrying what would happen on his death, a situation exacerbated by an assassination attempt and their First Consul’s habit of leading armies (hed already nearly been killed in battle and would later wish he had been). The expelled French monarchy was still waiting outside the nation, threatening to return all ‘stolen’ property: could they ever come back, such as had happened in England? The result, enflamed by Napoleon’s propaganda and his family, was the idea that Napoleon’s government must be made hereditary so hopefully, on Napoleon’s death, an heir who thought like his father would inherit and safeguard land. Emperor of France Consequently, on May 18th, 1804, the Senate – who had all been chosen by Napoleon - passed a law making him Emperor of the French (he had rejected king as both too close to the old royal government and not ambitious enough) and his family was made hereditary heirs. A plebiscite was held, worded so that if Napoleon had no children – as he hadn’t at that point – either another Bonaparte would be selected or he could adopt an heir. The result of the vote looked convincing on paper (3.5 million for, 2500 against), but it had been massaged at all levels, such as automatically casting yes votes for everyone in the military. On December 2, 1804, the Pope was present as Napoleon was crowned: as agreed beforehand, he placed the crown on his own head. Over the next few years, the Senate and Napoleon’s Council of State dominated the government of France – which in effect meant just Napoleon – and the other bodies withered away. Although the constitution didn’t require Napoleon to have a son, he wanted one, and so divorced his first wife and married Marie-Louise of Austria. They swiftly had a son: Napoleon II, King of Rome. He would never rule France, as his father would be defeated in 1814 and 1815, and the monarchy would return but he would be forced to compromise.

Moral and economic category in capitalism Essay

Moral and economic category in capitalism - Essay Example If the gap between poor and rich is growing, it threatens the dominance by demonstrating its negative moments such as, for example, too much materialism. However, if to take into account the fact that capitalism is the most popular political system in the world, it is not at risk to be destroyed as any system has its negative sides. â€Å"But since no ideological alternatives currently exist — and even less, political parties or groups to implement them — the hegemony of capitalism looks pretty unassailable. Of course, nothing guarantees that it would look like that to our children or grandchildren, for new ideologies can be invented. But this is how it looks to a reasonable observer today† (Milanovic).The second question is difficult to answer as the combination of capitalism and democracy was not popular throughout history. Capitalism and democracy were usually separate. In the modern society there is also a tendency to separate capitalism and democracy and thi s is caused by inequality. â€Å"Thus, it does not take huge leaps of imagination to see that capitalism and democracy can be decoupled. And inequality can play an important role in that. It already does so by politically empowering the rich to a much greater extent than the middle class and the poor† (Milanovic). Actually, capitalism prescribes preserving the interests of the elite, than the interests of the middle-class. Such a tendency can be met in all the countries with capitalist regime. The answer for third question is positive as Europe has its own problems. First, there are certain difficulties connected with globalization. Globalization also increases inequality as wealthy people still benefits from it more than middle class and poor. Moreover, globalization is connected with migration. Migration represents problem for any country as brings such problems as racial intolerance and cultural differences, which prevent state from the development. â€Å"Both the propert y-rich and the highly skilled gain because their financial and human capital is more mobile and cannot be easily taxed unless one wants them to flee the country. Low taxation in turn increases inequality between the rich and the poor because it undercuts the funding sources on which the modern European welfare state was built† (Milanovic). Niall Ferguson is a historian the views of whom are rather controversial. â€Å"There are two common assumptions about Ferguson. One is that his newspaper columns and telegenic

Mid term Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Mid term Questions - Assignment Example The barrage of rumors in March, 2012 of an impending coup d’etat which flooded China’s blogosphere and convincingly reported gunshots and tanks in the streets of Beijing aptly exemplifies the extent of this cyber threat. According to Batchelor, Bobrowicz, Mackenzie and Milne (2012), the development can be dangerous and panic-inspiring when such information is created and disseminated by an individual of high social standing. In like manner, the extent of this danger is underscored by the fact that social networks are the very tools which were used for coordinating the Arab Spring. It is clear that some of the organizers of the Arab Spring may have been stationed outside target countries, but instead used the cyberspace to manipulate the conscience of the masses. Q. 2: The Future of P2P From a casual glance, the future of P2P file sharing program appears bleak, considering the fact that it is receiving tremendous levels of resistance from governments, international trade agreements and lobby groups. This resistance may call for the need to annul the use of P2P file sharing program and replace it with another one (Pankaj, Hyde and Rodger, 2012). However, P2P file sharing program may be compelled to exist in another format, without being faced out as a whole. There is veracity to the standpoint above because, totally facing out of P2P file sharing calls for the introduction of more and stronger restriction laws which may further bring constitutional problems (such as the contravention of the First Amendment to the US Constitution) which exceed piracy. Abdul-Rahman, Weiss and Santoro (2010) are poignant that it is inappropriate to use Napster’s failure to forecast P2P’s. This is because, unlike P2P file sharing system, Napster failed because of it had a centralized system which bundled unfiltered search engines with software which uploaded and downloaded data. Q. 3: Reasons for Facebook’s large User Base According to Robert Metcal f (born April 7, 1946), the value of a telecommunication network is proportional to the square of the number of users who are connected into that network. This is known as the Metcalf’s Law. DeJong (2012) links the widespread use of Facebook and the notoriety which Facebook enjoys, to Metcalf’s law. Herein, DeJong (2012) is categorical that the number of Facebook users increases, just as the value of a fax machine increases with the total number of machines in a network. Thus, Facebook enjoys an increasingly large and expansive population, simply because it has a greater number of users in the world of online social networks. Q. 4: On Second Life Being the Future It is clear that the future of Internet use and connections hold nothing promising for Second Life, due to a number of reasons. According to Mayer-Schonberger and Crowley (2006), some of these reasons include poor quality assurance, congestion and moral problems. As for quality assurance, it is known that Lind en Lab focused too much on the introduction of newer features to the production environment, in lieu of fixing long-term bugs which cause financial losses for Second Life users. It is against this backdrop that on April 30th, 2007, 700 frustrated Second Life users sent an open letter of protest to Linden Lab, highlighting their concerns over Second Life’s quality assurance. In another wavelength, it is widely known that Second Life has had serious setbacks stemming from congestion. This is because a single region hosted on a single CPU accommodates a limited

Current Trends Within the Mobile Phone Sector Essay

Current Trends Within the Mobile Phone Sector - Essay Example This is obviously a recent phenomenon with the advancement of the smartphone, which now has captured as much as 70 percent of the entire mobile phone market in many Western countries (Azizi 2012). Because of this, it is found that the average mobile phone user now spends as much as seven hours more per month with their phone than they did just a mere year ago. This trend is further reflective of the reality that mobile phone devices themselves are much more ubiquitous today than they were in yesteryear, as they can do so much more for us than was ever really envisioned. In fact, this trend leads one to believe if the actual word ‘phone’ will be replaced in the future, as the devices do so much more than allowing for just simple voice to voice communication, the likes of which many today do not even consider to be the primary use of the mobile phone in the first place. Individual consumers and organizations alike are beginning to learn new capabilities and demanding more for their mobile phones, which is certainly setting a trend for future competitiveness within the industry itself for years to come. One leader researcher for consumer trends notes that people today, globally, are looking for and expecting a new experience with the technology that they purchase and utilize in their daily lives (Borges 2012). Within this discipline, mobile phones are at the cutting edge of a technological revolution because so many people depend on them for their productivity and communication needs today.This assignment and module have proven most effective as it has enabled to gain a perspective of how modern day consumer needs are being driven largely by technology.   Something as basic to a human organization as a telephone continues to be driven by feature-rich applications, ever light models, and a propensity to outdo competitors with new technology that there is seemingly no end in sight.   Two worldwide companies were highlighted, and they certainly refle ct the lion’s share of this particular industry, but they are by no means the only players in the business.   In the end, any company who can gain a certain level of name recognition with a particular demographic group, and can provide the consumer with the features and ease of use that they desire, will have a role to play in the future.   The Chinese firm of Huawei, for example, has capitalized by the lack of interest in the developing world to this world expressed by the major phone manufacturers, and they have risen to become the world’s fourth-largest smartphone maker.   That has solidified in my mind the power of developing a niche.   One does not have to be the largest to be successful.   With a bit of ingenuity and forward progressive thinking, the marketplace can be opened in new and profitable ways.        

The Aircraft De Icing Engineering Essay

The Aircraft De Icing Engineering Essay This report explains the results of research into how de-icing operations at Minnesota Saint Paul could be improved. The findings were that this airport should use a combination of infrared heating and antifreeze spraying in order to deice aircraft in a fast, safe, cost effective and environmentally friendly way. The de-icing process is called the drive through method and this report has backed up its investigation through detailed calculations and the use of a decision matrix to compare the benefits of the drive through method against using others. Although there are some problems such as its relatively long payback time of 2.5 years, plus risk the airport may have to pay licence fees due to patents on the technology, the benefits of the drive through method outweigh these drawbacks. One reason for this is that after the payback period the airport will make an annual saving of approximately $7,080,000 INTRODUCTION Rationale for the research The process of removing ice, frost or snow from the surface of an aircraft is known as aircraft de-icing. This is an essential procedure because if these substances accumulate on an airplane they will amplify the drag force that the plane experiences. This will reduce the ability of its wings to produce enough lift force to allow it to take-off or manoeuvre whilst in flight. Also, damage could be caused if a large piece of ice dislodges from the plane and hits sensitive components like its engine. This could lead to passengers losing their lives in a crash and others losing their properties. The Federal Aviation Administration, FAA, regulate all major civil aviation operations in America. One of their rules is that aircraft must be free of ice before takeoff and during flight. Background This report uses Minneapolis Saint Paul (MSP) airport, Minnesota, as its primary case study. This is because aircraft at this airport frequently needs to undergo deciding as a result of the cold climate before, during and after winter in that region. MSP airport spans 3,400 acres, has five runways, five de-icing pads and served more than 32 million travellers in 2009 making it 15th in the United States and  30th in the world in terms of number of passengers served annually. (MSP Airport, 2010) De-icing is currently carried out at MSP airport by operators who spray an ethylene-glycol based aircraft de-icing fluid onto planes. Storm water drains to collect the waste fluid, before it is transported by a truck to a recycling facility to be treated. It needs treatment because its high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) makes it harmful to the environment. Research Aims and Objectives This investigation aims to find a method and chemical to use for de-icing planes which is more environmentally friendly, cheaper and faster than that which is currently used in MSP airport. It should be a total solution technology which eliminates/reduces all the problems that the current de-icing method causes without producing detrimental side effects. These aims will be achieved by completing the following objectives: Identify a substitute de-icing fluid which has the same/better de-icing functionality but costs less and is safer than the one currently used in MSP airport. Find a better way to recycle the waste de-icing fluid Ensure that the new substitute chemical allow de-icing fluid to be recycled Find another way to remove snow from aircraft GENERIC DESIGN PROCESS Organisations often use a generic design process as they turn a product idea into a manufactured item. Using a systematic, well organised designed process helps to reduce the research and development time that a novel product experiences. The design team for this project used a generic design process and the actions that they took at each stage are detailed below: Product Planning First the team used product planning to help make that reliable and valid research was carried out straight away. This started this by withholding a discussion in which they clarified the aim and objectives of the project. Then they identified their strengths and weaknesses in relation to these objectives to help them choose which duties they were responsible for. Finally they agreed upon timescales in which to achieve each objective. Identification of Customer Needs Customers needs guided the teams product innovations that were found. The team held interviews with a representative from each major stakeholder group in the airline industry, such as the airline manager and spray operator, to allow them to voice their needs. This made it easier for the team to set product specifications and design a product that they would approve. Establishment of Product Specifications The customer needs were ranked in order of their importance. The rank of each need was proportional to a weighting, w, which was later used in a decision matrix. This information was used to generate product specifications which were further defined using metrics. Generation of product ideas A brainstorm was held to generate product ideas. This was useful because it encouraged the team to build ideas on top of one another. From this they saw similarities between ideas and linked some of them to define a total solution technology. Selection of product ideas A decision matrix was used to quantitatively compare the importance of each customer need in relation to the product ideas. The product with the highest score was selected for testing. Testing The total solution technology was further evaluated in terms of its performance and economic viability. Because it was very beneficial its specifications were was sent to manufactures so that they could build a prototype. Figure 1 An illustration of the generic design process Figure 1 illustrates the product design methodology which begins with product planning and ends with testing and manufacture. The dotted lines show that if one stage of the design process did not give advantageous results the team would go one or multiple stages back in order to refine their previous intentions. Then they would advance through each stage of the process again until they reached the final testing and manufacturing stage. This procedure of assessing and re-assessing product developments ensured that poor designs were eliminated or improved before they reached the testing and manufactures stage. NEEDS Various customers have an interest in aircraft de-icing operations; these individuals are referred to as stakeholders. The success of this venture will depend on how well it meets the needs of these individuals. Hence, the team evaluated each stakeholders need using an interview and ranked it according to its importance. Information Gathering The stakeholders were identified on the basis on who will pay for, sell, use and operate the de-icing technology, these included airline pilots and passengers etc. They were interviewed and their responses are summarised below. Spray operator Q1: How do you deice a plane? A container on a truck is filled with de-icing fluid which is mixed with water to a 50% concentration by volume. I sit in an enclosed cabin and heat the fluid onboard the truck to 70oC before I spray it onto the plane until all the ice melts. Airport manager Q2: How important is the BOD of a de-icing fluid? Very important, we pay the treatment works about $0.35 per US gallon and the price goes up if the BOD increases. Our airport is fined if the BOD5 discharged to the environment exceeds 900 tonnes per year. Q3: How long would you expect to wait for a return on your investment? 1.5-2 years Q4: How much does ethylene glycol cost? The average is $5-7 per gallon. Q5: What precautions were taken since your last incident? We thought of retraining staff, but now operations are run by an outsourced business. De-icing pads and a drainage system were installed. Aircraft manager Q6: What do you think of integrating a heating system onto aircraft? Not ideal for commercial planes because its expensive Air traffic controller Q7: How severe is the disruption caused by aircraft de-icing? During the peak of the winter season there are regular delays. Aircraft must be de-iced again if they exceed a holdover time of 5 minutes. Ranking of needs and sanity check The team identified the most important stakeholder needs and ranked them as listed below. Each need was given a weighting, w, according to its rank as part of a sanity check. Table 1 The rank of each stakeholder need and its weighting Need Weight-ing, w Reasons 1) Safety 4 Safety was the top concern of every stakeholder. Aircraft at MSP airport can only carry passengers if they obey safety regulations set by the FAA. 2) Lifetime Cost 3 Some stakeholders disagreed on financial issues regarding how much cash should be spent on certain items. e.g most spray operators would like luxury de-icing cabins whereas airport managers would rather invest the money. However, all stakeholders agreed that no de-icer with a high lifetime cost would be acceptable. 3) Speed 2 Slow de-icing can cause profit losses due to delayed flights. 4) Environmental impact 1 Although the airport will be fined for causing excessive pollution these costs are normally absorbed by customers. ESTABLISHMENT OF PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS Most of the needs highlighted by stakeholders were expressed in a qualitative manner. They needed to be converted into specifications in order to avoid trivial yet expensive improvements being made to MSP airport. To do this the worst case de-icing conditions that could potentially take place at MSP airport were defined and as part of sanity check. Next metrics were used establish specifications for product and process design methods that could cope with the worst case de-icing scenarios at the airport. Specification 1 Annual length of operation The dates in which the planes will need to be de-iced ranges from November to early April because on these dates the temperature in Minneapolis Saint Paul is below freezing. Therefore, any new de-icing method must be able to operate through this period of 5 months and 1 week (157 days) every year. (Figure 2) Figure 2- The average lowest temperature in MSP every year from 1971-2000 Specifications 2 The case study aircraft and its ice coverage The mass of ice on a plane was calculated using a worst case scenario, which was that one of the biggest commercial passenger planes; the Boeing-747 (BBC, 2007) needed to be de-iced. It was assumed that the top area of both its wings was covered by a 1cm thick layer of ice. Wing area (Boeing-747) = 541.2 m2 (Airliners, 2010) Ice Thickness = 0.01m Ice Coverage 100%  Ã…“ Volume of ice on wings, Volice = 5.412 m3 (App. 1, Eqn 1) Density of ice, à Ã‚ ice = 917kg/m3 (Kotz, 2009)  Ã…“ Mass of ice, = 4962.8 kg (App. 1, Eqn 2) Specifications 3- Heating Duty Latent heat of fusion of ice= 333 kJ/Kg (Bird, 2003)  Ã…“ Minimum heating duty = 1652.6 MJ (App 1, Eqn 3) Specifications 4 The substitute de-icing fluid The atmospheric temperature in MSP airport during the de-icing season is 20oF (-29oC) therefore the substitute ADF freezing point must be less than 20oC in order to maintain its functionality. Additionally it must provide a freezing point depression of more than 20oC as a result of this ambient temperature. All the stakeholders agreed that product safety is of upmost importance, so the substitute ADF should be less toxic than ethylene-glycol. Additionally they agree that the annual raw material costs of the new dicing method should be less than that of the current method. Two ways to do this are to use less dicing fluid per plane in the first instance; this should be less than the 408 gallons per aircraft required by the current de-icing method (App. 1, Eqn. 9), or to recycle the de-icing fluid. GENERATION AND SCREENING OF IDEAS The team worked individually and brainstormed together to help maximise the number of good ideas that were generated. Whilst doing so they reflected upon the product specifications to and stakeholder needs to help screen ideas. De-icing Ideas De-icing boots Rubber boots are attached to the front edges of wings on the plane. The aircraft inflates these boots with air to cause ice that remove ice that has accumulated on them. An unacceptable risk of using this method in MSP is that the system must be activated as soon as a before an large ice layer can form and hit other parts of the plane when it dislodges. Bleed air- In this method hot air from the aircraft engines is blasted on to the ice to melt it. Although this could melt ice very quickly the airport manager at MSP airports commented that integrating heating systems on to aircraft is not ideal for commercial planes because its expensive. Mechanical Scraping/Blowing Employees use brushes, or cloths to physically push ice off the aircraft. This method would be very easy to put into practice at MSP because the equipment the required is very cheap. But it is more likely that damage will be done to airplanes as the employees scrape ice so the resulting aircraft maintenance cost is could be very high. A propylene glycol based de-icing fluid Propylene glycol is a popular de-icing fluid and is regarded as non-toxic, hence it was chosen for further investigation. Decision Matrix The interviews that were conducted with the stakeholders highlighted that some customer needs are more important than others. Although the importance of some specific needs differed in each stakeholder group four needs were consistently rated as essential. These criteria were analysed in a decision matrix with weighing marks taken from Table 1 Table 2- Decision Matrix which focuses on the alternative deinking methods ALTERNATIVES Ethylene Glycol (Benchmark)   Propylene Glycol Infrared + Propylene-glycol Criteria Weighting w Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score Safety   5 2 10 4 20 7 35 Lifetime Cost   4 5 20 5 20 6 24 Speed   3   5 15   4 16 6 18 Environmental impact   2   1 2   5 10 6 14 Total   14   13 47   18 66   25 91 According to this decision matrix the best de-icing solution should be based on a combination of infrared and propylene glycol de-icers is the best as this alternative has the highest sore. The second best method would be to use an ADF which is based on propylene glycol rather than ethylene glycol. SELECTION OF IDEAS A comparison of ethylene-glycol and propylene glycol based de-icing fluids The most freezing point depressants in aircraft de-icing fluids in the US are ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol (PG). Because PG and EG have a similar lifetime cost, in this chapter the chemicals will be compared at a 50% concentration by volume in terms of their safety, de-icing speed and environmental impact because these are three of the most important needs the stakeholders. Safety Ethylene glycol has a relatively high toxicity when compared to Propylene-Glycol. It has been classed by the US congress as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP), if 2268 kg or more escapes into the environment within 24 hours users are obligated to report the event under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCL). However propylene glycol is not classified as a HAP, and users are not required to inform CERCL if it is released. Both chemicals are said to be non-lethal if humans if they are breathed in with air or adsorbed through skin. However, unlike PG, EG is toxic to humans and mammals if it is ingested directly. Even though PG it is regarded as non-toxic it is still a health hazard because it uses oxygen as it biodegrades which could cause some organisms to suffocate. De-icing Speed The freezing point of Propylene-glycol is -34oC which is slightly higher than ethylene-glycol which freezes at -37oC. This is one of the reasons why MSP airport still uses EG. Another is that a lower volume of antifreeze is required for EG to achieve the same freezing point depression as PG. MSP airport suffers severe weather extremes so it needs to use an ADF which is reliable, especially in extremely cold weather as this is generally when it takes longer to deice aircraft Propylene-glycols boiling point is 106oC whereas ethylene glycol has a boiling point of 102.2oC for ethylene glycol. In this case Propylene-glycol is the better choice because it can transfer heat to ice at a higher temperature than ethylene glycol. Discussion There are some drawbacks with regard to using ethylene glycol as a de-icing fluid, especially concerning its environmental impact. But, overall EG and PG have a similar de-icing performance level. The Rate of Melting due to Heat Conduction Alone The ADF is heated to 70oC before it is sprayed onto the plane, this heat alone will cause the ice to melt through heat conduction. The rate of this heating was calculated using equation 1a, 1a) Where Q= is the heat flow rate in the X-direction in kJ/s, A is the area normal to the direction of heat flow in m2, dT/dx is the temperature gradient and K is the thermal conductivity of ice The thermal conductivity of ice at -20oC is 2.39 W/mK, the area normal to the direction of heat flow is equal to the wing area of the Boeing 747 =541.2m2, the temperature change that occurs is (70oC- -20oc)=90oC and the thickness of the ice x is 0.01m. Hence the rate of heat transfer by the temperature of the de-icing fluid alone is 2a) The sensible heat is kJ (App. 1, Eqn 12) The latent heat of fusion is 1652612.4 kJ, (App.1, Eqn 3) Summing the above gives the amount of het required to melt the ice on a Boeing 747 from a starting temperature of -20oC which is Hence minimum time that it would take to melt the ice on the plane by heat conduction alone is This is a very fast time, especially as according to the project brief, de-icing at MSP airport normally takes 10 minutes per plane. One reason reason for this difference is due to the fact that the ADF fluid is not always in full contact with ice, only its bottom surface is. Additionally these calculations assume that heat transfer occurs over the whole of each wing evenly, which is not the case in real life because de-icing fluid is sprayed onto the wing in different locations systematically. A final cause of this difference could be due to the fact that snow has a lower heat conductivity, k, than ice and so any snow on a plane would lower the rate of heat transfer from the ADF. TOTAL SOLUTION TECHNOLOGY Drive-Through De-icing Figure 3 An illustration of the drive through de-icing technology The final design concept was to conduct de-icing operations as a drive through system. First the aircraft enters the Infrared hangar where and warm air blows snow of its wings whilst they are heated by infrared radiation for a typical duration of 5-10 minutes. Ice on the plane melts onto an inclined slope and the wastewater is channelled into the waste collection zone. Water is channelled through existing storm water pipes into infrastructure to the located under the floor of the spraying and waste collection area. The wastewater is pumped out and transferred by a truck into the airports detention ponds. When the wastewater has been removed compression plugs are removed and the plane moves into the spraying area. Here it is sprayed with propylene glycol for up to 5 minutes to help prevent any ice forming on it before takeoff. The propylene glycol drains into a separate area of the collection chamber and is pumped to a detention pond until it is due to be recycled. Finally the compression plus are reinstalled so the system is ready to deice another plane. Recycling Solution Minneapolis currently uses three Glycol Recovery Vehicles to collect wastewater. Using the IR facility eliminates the need to deice aircraft using glycol by around 90%, so no more of these vehicles will need to be bought if the new technology is adopted. Also the airport has saved capital costs by using their existing storm water drains to collect both glycol and storm water. These storm drains can and should continue to be used if MSP airport adopts the Drive-Through De-icing system to save cash and time during the installation of the new system. According to (Big book) Careful management of the retention systems enables the airport to collect enough wastewater with high glycol concentrations to make glycol recycling/recovery economically viable. The majority of glycol which is recycled is sold to manufacturers who use it in other glycol-based products. ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC VIABLITY Rate of return on investment (ROI) 3a) Payback Time 3b) =2.5 years Unfortunately the payback time on the drive through de-icing method is not fast enough to satisfy the Airport Managers at MSP who expect a payback time of 1.5-2 years. A higher rate of return on investment would reduce the payback time so it would be wise to look into additional ways to reduce the cost of de-icing using this technology, and ways to improve its efficiency. Patent issues Because this total solution technology uses de-icing methods which have been used in industry previously, but it combines them in a unique way it is difficult to assess whether or not it can be patented. Moreover, it is expected that it would take a long time to patent the product even if it were possible because of its complexity and use of old de-icing ideas. The author has recommended that MSP airport consults a lawyer regarding these matters if they do not need to use the de-icing solution immediately. If MSP airport do need to use the technology immediately they might have to pay license fees to one or more patent owners. CONCLUSION The findings from this investigation have shown that the solution technology that MSP airport should use to improve its aircraft de-icing solution involves using infrared heating and a propylene glycol as a substitute chemical for ethylene-glycol. The process is called the drive through method and the major advantages of this hybrid solution are that it meets the needs of its stakeholders by being safe, having a low lifetime cost, fast aircraft de-icing rate and low environmental impact. Evidence of this has been provided through a decision matrix and several mathematical evaluations. Unfortunately this solution has a payback time of 2.5 years, so research should be carried out to reveal how to make the annual rate of return on the investment higher. Finally, this hybrid system uses patented technology so MSP airport might have to pay licence fees for a number of years if it used the drive through method. However, after the payback period the annual saving of $70,844,300 per year outweighs any of these drawbacks. Further Recommendations Find ways to cut the operating cost of the Drive-Through De-icing system as this will lift the annual rate of return that this technology provides. If the rate of return is high enough the payback time will drop below 2 years and the airport managers in MSP will have this need fulfilled. Use hot air to blow snow off the aircraft in the IR hangar. This will help to melt the snow and ice too, however the cost of warmin+ 3.0g air may offset the benefit of a faster de-icing time. Nb, as shown by the weightings, w, in Table 1, the lifetime cost of the technology is more important that the de-icing speed that it provides. REFERENCES Books and Journals Bird J.O., 2003, Science for engineering, pp. 205, Newnes, 2003, UK Ketler P., Mosher M., Scott A., 2008, Chemistry: The Practical Science, media enhanced edition, Cengage Learning, pp. 478, UK Kotz J.C., Paul T., Townsend R.J., 2009, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, Cengage Learning, pp. 15, USA Tsokos K.A., 2010, Cambridge Physics for the IB Diploma, pp. 172, Cambridge University Press, UK Sinnot R.K., 2005, Coulson and Richardsons Chemical Engineering Series: Chemical Engineering Design, pp. 439, Butterworth-Heinmann, UK Online Resources MSP Airport, 2010, About Us, http://www.mspairport.com/about-msp.aspx, 24/10/2010 RSS Weather, 2003, Minneapolis-St. Paul, http://www.rssweather.com/climate/Minnesota/Minneapolis-St.Paul, 23/10/10 Airliners.Net, 2010, The Boeing 747-400, http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=100, 20/10/2010 BBC, 25/10/2007, A380 superjumbo lands in Sydney, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7061164.stm, 19/10/2010 Energy Information Administration, October 2010, Electric Power Monthly, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm.pdf, 15/10/2010 Wings Magazine, 2007, Infrared De-icing: Giving glycol a run for its money, http://www.wingsmagazine.com/content/view/1325/38/, 23/10/10 APPENDICIES Appendix 1 Specifications 2 -The case study aircraft and its ice coverage The mass of ice on a plane was calculated using a worst case scenario, which was that one of the biggest commercial passenger planes; the Boeing-747 (BBC, 2007) needed to be de-iced. It was assumed that the top area of both its wings was covered by a 1cm thick layer of ice. Wing area (Boeing-747) = 541.2 m2 Ice Thickness = 0.01m Ice Coverage 100% of wing area (1) Density of ice, à Ã‚ ice = 917kg/m3 (Kotz, 2009) (2) Specifications 3 -Heating Duty The ice on the aircraft needed to be provided with enough energy to overcome its 333kJ/Kglatent heat of fusion, L, to melt. The amount of heat energy, Q, required to achieve this was calculated using Equation 3 (3) (Bird, 2003) Specifications 4 The substitute de-icing fluid In this section the volume of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol needed to deice a single Boeing-747 will be calculated and compared. The metrics are based upon a 50% by volume solution of each chemical. Volume of Ethylene Glycol Required The freezing point depression of an ideal solution is given by the formula (5) Where à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Tf represents the freezing point depression, m, is the solute concentration and Kf represents the freezing point depression constant of water which is 1.86 °K ·kg/mol (Kilter P., Mosher M. and Scott A. Andrew scott, 2008) The desired freezing point depression, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Tf is 20oC because winter temperatures in MSP fall to that temperature, according to the project brief. (6) The number of moles of glycol required to achieve the freezing point depression: (7) The chemical formula of ethylene-glycol is CH2OHCH2OH Mr Carbon = 12, Oxygen=16, Hydrogen=1  Ã…“Mr ethylene glycol = 2*16+2*12 + 1*6= 62 g/mol Hence the mass of ethylene-glycol required per plane is: (8) The density of UCAR ADF at 20oC is 8.9 lb/gal (US) (1.07 kg/L) (SAE AMS 1424 Ethylene Glycol-Based Type I Fluids page 8) Hence the volume of ethylene-glycol required is at least 408 US gallons (9) Because the de-icing fluid used in MSP airport is 50% ethylene-glycol and about 50% water, de-icing a single plane would need double the amount of ADF which works out at 6,184 litres. The cost of ethylene glycol per aircraft In general the chemical components in de-icing fluids, such as water, have a total cost which is substantially less than that of ethylene-glycol. Hence the cost of these components in de-icing fluid solutions as deemed insignificant and ignored. According to the airport manager that was interviewed the minimum cost of a gallon of ethylene glycol is $5 per US gallon (10) In MSP airport there is an average of 293 takeoffs per day from 5 de-icing pads (MSP Airport, 2010) Assuming that during the de-icing season in MSP lasts 157 days and every plane needs to be de-iced the annual cost of ADF is approximately (11) Sensible heat required According to the project brief winter temperatures in Minneapolis Saint Paul fall to-20oC. Ice must be brought to its melting point of 0oC before it can undergo a phase change from solid to liquid. Where Cp is the specific heat capacity of ice at -20oC which is 2 kJ/kg/K, (Tsokos KA, 2010), m is the mass of ice and à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T is the temperature difference (12) According to Wingsmagazine (2010) Ian Sharkey, the director of de-icing services, with Radiant Aviation Services stated that during an ice storm on March 15-16, 2007 his team had an average aircraft block time (aircraft brakes on to brakes off) of less than 43 minutes for large aircraft hence it was assumed that the Boeing 747 could be de-iced in this timeframe as well. This information was used to estimate the power that the IR deice would need to bring the ice on an aircraft from -15oC to 0oC in 43 minutes, (13) Latent heat required Next was calculated which is the power needed to melt the ice on the aircraft at 0oC in 47 minutes. (14) Hence the total power needed to melt ice on the aircraft in 43 minutes by using infrared deink technology, QIR is (15) To make the value of QIR more realistic some assumptions concerning the amount of energy loss, between the heat source and the wing were added. From this the extra power that the laser will need to give out in order to overcome the inferred energy lost as between the source and its destination (transport efficiency) and the energy lost due to reflection by the ice on the surface of the wing (absorption efficiency) was calculated. Laser device efficiency, ÃŽÂ ·laser=0.33, Transport efficiency, ÃŽÂ ·transport = 0.75 Absorption efficiency, ÃŽÂ ·absorbtion =0.75 The laser device, transport and absorption efficiencies reduce the amount of energy that heats the ice. This is called the efficiency loss, 1-ÃŽÂ ·i, and it was calculated as follows , (16) Hence, (17) Similarly, (18) Hence, the percentage extra energy, ,required to cover for these energy losses is (19) In real terms